学术英文写作能力对于每一位科研从业者都至关重要。实验如鱼得水，数据丰富高大上，再配上准确清晰的英文写作，方能在学术界行走自如。而词汇是英文写作的基础，丰富的词汇量不仅能增加文章表达的多样性，更可以提高描述的准确性以及文章的可读性。 目前市面上已有各种秘籍介绍写作套路，通常都是简单罗列意思相近的词汇。为了避免生搬硬套导致的表达生硬、意思模糊等问题，笔者从正刊论文入手，通过精读拆解发表在顶级期刊上的论文，梳理学术英文写作的逻辑，同时归纳总结常见语境下的表达方式，希望能对读者英文写作有所启发和助益。 本次选取的文章是近期发表在《cell》上的“Therapy-Induced Evolution of Human Lung Cancer Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing” ，该研究利用当今最火热的单细胞测序技术，揭示了肺癌患者中的复杂的肿瘤微环境系统。本篇论文的写作言简意赅，在写作结构上具有较强的代表性和指导性。 首先我们来学习下摘要部分： a) Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer mortality, exhibits heterogeneity that enables adaptability, limits therapeutic success, and remains incompletely understood. leading cause of…的主要原因,可用the major cause替代，解释原因还可以用以下表达：be an important/a key factor, a result of, the reason forThis is why…/A can be explained by B/ the explanation for A is B/ That helps explain… 当要表达多种原因之一时，可用以下表达： There are myriad reasons for … . Chief among them is …A few factors lead to/cause/contribute to…, … is (only) part of the story. Enable 使…能够，学术写作中的高频词，类似词汇还有：Facilitate 促进: “facilitate the development of…”Allow 允许: “thus not allowing mutation detection for that gene”Allow for 顾及，考虑: “Gap-junction proteins (e.g., connexins) are integral membrane proteins that allow for cytosolic exchange of ions ” Tips：A allow B= A enables B, A 和B有直接的因果关系A allows for B= A使得B的发生成为可能，或者只是促进B的发生，A只是B发生的因素之一。 Empower 使能够：“The approach has the capacity to empower on-site assay and off-site centralized signal detection”Endow赋予: “The method endows our assay great promise for quantitative detection”Confer 给予，授予: “Different activation procedures employed to confer SERS activity”Render 导致（因外界因素促使某人或某物达到某种状态）: “Latent fingerprints require chemical or physical treatment to render them visible.” imits therapeutic success: 限制了成功的治疗。类似表达还有：Curb 控制，约束(limit or control sth, especially sth bad): “curb the spread of the epidemic”;curb也可作名词：impose a curb on sthConstrain约束，限制（侧重约束作用）: “constrain continued tumor evolution toward complete drug resistance”Hinder阻碍: “the approach is hindered by cost and time”Impede妨碍: “impede the progress”remains incompletely understood 用于表达现有研究的不足，类似表达还有:Remain unknown/ be virtually unknown/be poorly understood/less is knownRemain a significant/daunting challengeBe constrained by 在表达否定信息时，除了用not或者含有un-/in-/ill-等词汇，还可以有以下方法供大家灵活使用 Few/little: “littleprogress has been made towards …”Fail to do sth:“fail to address this problem”Have yet to do sth表示该做但是尚未做“The full effect has yet to be felt”Lack/absence等含有否定意义的词：“the cellslacking large chromosomal aberrations“Hardly/scarcely/rarely/seldom/barely等含有否定意义副词表“几乎不“：”detecthardly capturing details in a medical image”Nolonger/never/none/no/nothing/nowhere/nobody等否定词Far from/not at all/nowhere near强调”远非”：“These are decent measures,but nowhere near enough” b) Cancer cells surviving therapy as residual disease (RD) expressed an alveolar-regenerative cell signature suggesting a therapy-induced primitive cell-state transition, whereas those present at ontherapy progressive disease (PD) upregulated kynurenine, plasminogen, and gap-junction pathways. suggest a therapy-induced primitive cell-state transition：表达实验结果“证实“、”表明“、”显示“时的常见表达还有： show/illustrate/demonstrate/found/reveal/validate/identify/uncover/calculate/measure/test/evaluate/assess等表达直接现象indicate/imply/infer等表达深一层的含义 whereas those present at ontherapy progressive disease (PD) upregulated kynurenine, plasminogen, and gap-junction pathways. Whereas 表示对比，可与while互换，但程度上强一些。其他表达对比的方式:In contrast (with/to后面通常接名词) “In contrast to clusters of cancer cells, immune cell-type clusters showed low patient occupancy”By contrast相比之下：“By contrast, PD cancer cells differentially overexpressed genes associated with invasion”Contrast with 形成对比：“Her actions contrasted sharply with her promise”Be in marked contrast to sth 形成鲜明对比：” This new trend is in marked contrast with the trend it experienced in the 1980s” c) This study highlights how therapy-induced adaptation of the multi-cellular ecosystem of metastatic cancer shapes clinical outcomes. Highlight “强调”，常用于形容研究的意义，常见表达还有：Shed light on 阐明: “These methods have shed important light on the mechanisms of PM-induced oxidative stress”Pave the way for..为……铺路：“The discovery could pave the way for an effective malaria vaccine”Provide new/novel insights into 提供新的见解：“they could also provide insights into the development of neurological conditions”a better understanding of 更好的理解：“It may also lead to a better understanding of diseases of the human nervous system” 摘要的基本框架：首先介绍研究背景的重要性以及现有的挑战；其次引入解决问题的常用方法，并引入本研究涉及的策略；随后介绍本文通过什么方法获得了什么结果；最后指明本研究结果对该领域的意义。 本篇正刊摘要部分的精读拆解就总结到这里，希望可以对读者朋友摘要部分的写作有所启发，帮助读者积累一些科技论文的写作技巧以及相关领域的专业表达。
